Kamis, 17 November 2011

Elemen dalam seni rupa.

Seni  rupa merupakan cabang dalam seni yang berorientasi pada bentuk, dalam hal ini mencakup bentuk dua dimensional dan tiga dimensional. Dan wujud seni itu dapat berupa lukisan, seni grafis, patung, seni kriya, seni desain. Tentunya terdapat elemen-elemen yang membentuk terjadinya suatu karya seni. Dalam dunia seni rupa terdapat lima elemen dalam membentuk suatu karya seni, kelima elemen itu adalah :

1.      1. Titik (point)

2.      2.  Garis (line)

3.      3. Warna (color)

4.      4.  Bidang (field)

5.       5.Tekstur (texture)
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Kelima elemen tersebut jika disatukan akan menjadi karya seni rupa, berikut akan dijelaskan pengertiannya.

1.       1. Titik (point)


Titik adalah salah satu elemen dalam seni rupa yang paling kecil, dan merupakan elemen paling dasar dalam seni rupa. Apabila suatu titik ditarik akan menjadi suatu garis, dan titik pabila diolah secara luas akan menjadi suatu bidang. Titik mempunyai peran yang sama dengan elemen seni yang lain seperti garis dan warna. Penggunaan titik biasnya pada bagian-bagian yang terkecil dalam suatu karya seni. Misalkan dalam lukisan manusia titik digunakan pada bagian detail wajah, mata, dan dalam lukisan pemandangan penggunaan titik biasanya dipakai pada bagian pohon, daun, tanah dan batu-batuan. Dalam seni lukis ada suatu aliran yang disebut dengan istilah pointilis, aliran seni lukis ini menggunakan teknik titik dalam keseluruhan lukisannya. Pelopor dalam lukisan inj adalah Georges Seurat. Pelukis post-impresionisme kelahiran Paris ini mempelopori dalam teknik lukis pointilis.

Salah satu jenis lukisan pointilis, karya seniman prancis Georges Seurat.

1.     2.  Garis (line)


Elemen yang kedua dalam seni rupa adalah garis, garis merupakan bentuk yang memanjang dan mempunyai sifat yang elatis, kaku , dan tegas. Penggunaan garis dalam seni rupa sangat vital, kegunaan garis biasanya pada awal proses pembentukan suatu karya seni, yaitu sketsa. Tetapi garis memang dan harus digunakan dalam suatu karya seni. Dimana pengolahan garis yang maksimal juga dapat menciptakan dan mendukung nilai artistik dalam karya seni. Kita tahu jika pengolahan suatu garis akan dihasilkan garis lengkung, garis lurus, garis patah-patah, garis tebal, dan garis tipis. Kesemua jenis garis itu bila dikomposisikan dengan tepat dan sesuai akan menghasilkan nilai artistik. Pelukis yang dalam tekniknya dominan penggunaan garis salah satunya adalah van Gogh, dan Affandi.

Lukisan Affandi, yang identik dengan garis-garis lengkung yang ekspresif
1.       3. Warna (color)


Warna merupakan elemen yang paling dominan dalam seni rupa, penggunaan warna mencakup dalam karya seni lukis, patung, seni desain, dan seni kriya. Dalam seni rupa, warna bisa berarti pantulan tertentu dari cahaya yang dipengaruhi oleh pigmen yang terdapat di permukaan benda. Kita tahu berdasarkan teori warna dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu, warna primer, warna sekunder, dan  warna tersier. Penggunaan warna meliputi pada bidang-bidang yang telah di sketsa atau bentuk yang telah selesai dalam pembuatan karya tiga dimensional seperti patung. Warna dalam seni rupa warna dihasilkan memalui berbagai media, intinya media yang dipakai warna ada dua yaitu media kering dan media basah. Media kering warna dapat diperoleh pada alat berupa pensil warna, pastel, krayon, konte, dan spidol. Sedangkan media warna pada media basah berupa cat, seperti cat air, cat minyak, dan cat akrilik.

Diagram Warna.

1.     4.  Bidang (field).


Bidang dalam seni rupa merupakan  bagian yang mempunyai sisi lebar dan panjang. Bidang dalam karya seni rupa dapat merupakan bidang yang teratur dan tidak beraturan. Bidang-bidang yang teratur misalnya segitiga, lingkaran, persegi panjang, dan kubus. Pengomposisian antara bidang-bidang tersebut akan mengasilkan suatu bentuk karya seni. Bidang dapat terbentuk dari titik, garis dan warna. Ketika kita membuat garis untuk membuat segitiga, maka jadilah bidang segitiga. Pelukis yang mengangkat konsep bidang, dengan komposisi sedemikian rupa adalah Piet Mondrian, dan Pablo Picaso.

Lukisan Piet Mondrian yang menekankan pada komposisi bidang-bidang.
1.      5.  Tekstur (texture)


Pengertian tekstur dalam seni rupa adalah nilai raba suatu permukaan, baik itu nyata atau semu. Suatu permukaan mungkin kasar, halus, lunak, keras dan sebagainya. Penggunaan tekstur dalam seni rupa mungkin tidak begitu penting, tekstur digunakan dalam seni lukis sebagai nilai tambah untuk menciptakan kesan-kesan tertentu. Tekstur dapat berupa tekstur semu atau nyata, tekstur semu dapat diolah dengan teknik-teknik tertentu dan dengan berbagai media. Pembuatan tekstur semu lebih sulit dibandingkan dengan tekstur nyata. Tekstur nyata dapat dengan mudah dibentuk, dalam seni lukis misalnya kita bisa membuat tekstur kasar dengan menggunakan media kolase atau tempel Sehingga dapat dengan cepat diperoleh tekstur tersebut. Dalam lukisan, tekstur sering dijumpai pada jenis lukisan abstrak.

Contoh lukisan abstrak dengan penggunaan tekstrur semu dan tekstur nyata.

Yogyakarta, 18 November 2011.

 Alik Setiawan S.sn.


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